Why is Pakistan’s Sindh province facing a major child HIV outbreak?

A healthcare crisis has unfolded in Karachi following the discovery of HIV infections among children treated at Kulsum Bai Valika Hospital, a facility operated by the Sindh Employees' Social Security Institution. Initial screening efforts identified 120 positive cases at the hospital itself, with an additional 10 cases emerging from a separate SESSI facility in the Landhi area. The outbreak, which officials now trace to October 2025, came to public attention in November when residents of SITE Town noticed a cluster of infections among paediatric patients.

Two separate inquiries have documented serious institutional failures within the hospital's operations. The first investigation, completed in November, identified 16 HIV-positive children linked to the paediatrics department. A more comprehensive second inquiry, submitted in June, confirmed 78 infections and six deaths, with findings pointing to named hospital staff as responsible for administrative and supervisory lapses. The investigations consistently highlighted inadequate adherence to infection prevention protocols, insufficient use of protective equipment, and improper handling of single-use syringes as key contributing factors.

Provincial authorities have initiated disciplinary action, with 37 doctors and hospital staff receiving show-cause notices in early July and given two weeks to respond. Officials have indicated that criminal cases and dismissals will follow for those found responsible. Sindh Labour Minister Saeed Ghani acknowledged indirect responsibility for the crisis and stated he would not oppose resignation if it aided resolution. Screening efforts continue across the province, with officials acknowledging the possibility of additional cases emerging.